Which neonicotinoid pesticides have been associated with colony collapse disorder?

While researchers suspect that neonicotinoids may contribute to colony collapse disorder (CCD), it is important to clarify that no definitive causal link has been established between these pesticides and the disorder. Scientists generally believe that CCD is caused by a combination of factors, including pathogens, parasites, and environmental stressors that weaken the immune system of honeybees.12

Regarding the specific chemicals, the class of neonicotinoids—which includes acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam—is widely associated with negative impacts on pollinators. Specifically, imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam have been highlighted due to their widespread use and subsequent regulatory restrictions in various regions, such as the European Union. These chemicals are suspected of contributing to CCD by impairing honeybee navigation and weakening their resistance to diseases and parasites like varroa mites.2