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Which foods contain goitrogens that can interfere with thyroid hormone production?

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A labeled diagram highlights the periodic table entry for iodine, atomic number 53, symbol I, atomic weight 126.90447, and electron configuration. It shows iodine as a solid halogen with an orthorhombic crystal structure and strongly acidic higher-valence oxides, using color and shape keys for classification.
iodine

Goitrogens are substances that inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which can lead to an enlargement of the thyroid gland known as a goitre. These substances are particularly significant for individuals experiencing iodine deficiency, as they can interfere with the body's ability to utilize iodine effectively.1

Several common foods contain goitrogens, including:

It is important to note that while these foods contain goitrogenic compounds, these substances can generally be destroyed through the process of cooking. They primarily pose a health risk when they serve as dietary staples for populations already suffering from insufficient iodine intake.1