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Britannica Sources used in this answer

Which country led the mining and refining of bismuth in the early 21st century?

Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
A labeled periodic table element box for bismuth shows atomic number 83, symbol Bi, atomic weight 208.9804, electron configuration, and properties including solid state, rhombohedral crystal structure, and weakly acidic oxides.
bismuth Properties of bismuth.

By the early 21st century, China was the world leader in both the mining and the refining of bismuth.1