Which conifer trees grow on the lower and middle slopes of the Alps?

In the Alps, the lower slopes are typically characterized by deciduous forests, while the middle and higher elevations transition into coniferous forests.12

The primary conifer trees found on the middle slopes and higher elevations include:

• Spruce: These are a dominant species in the coniferous forests of the Alps, generally reaching their upper limit at approximately 7,200 feet in the Western Alps.1
• Larch: These trees are found interspersed with spruce at lower elevations but are better adapted to cold and high winds, allowing them to grow at higher altitudes up to 8,200 feet.1
• Pine: Various species of pine are main components of the Alpine coniferous forests. Notably, the Arolla pine is a hardy, slow-growing species found at the upper limits of the forest, generally above 5,000 feet.1
• Fir: These are also present in the mixed and evergreen forests as elevation increases.2