Which changes occur in the testes during puberty?

During puberty, the testes undergo significant physiological and functional changes driven by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.1

Key changes include:

• Enlargement: The testes increase in size in response to the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).1
• Hormonal Activation: The interstitial cells (Leydig cells) develop significantly and begin secreting testosterone in large amounts. This surge in testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics, such as increased muscle mass, facial and body hair growth, and voice changes.12
• Spermatogenesis: The testes become capable of producing sperm cells through the process of [spermatogenesis]. This is stimulated by the combined action of locally produced testosterone and FSH from the pituitary gland.1

These developments are initiated by the hypothalamus, which begins releasing nocturnal pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, signaling the body to transition into sexual maturity.12