Which body parts develop from the endoderm?

In biological development, the endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in an embryo. It primarily gives rise to the epithelium that lines various internal structures and organs.1

The following body parts and organs develop from the endoderm:

• Respiratory System: The larynx, trachea, and lungs.12
• Digestive System: The gastrointestinal tract (excluding the mouth and anus), including the liver and pancreas.12
• Pharyngeal Derivatives: The pharynx, eustachian tube, tonsils, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and thymus gland.1
• Urinary and Reproductive Systems: The urinary bladder, the urethra, and the vagina in females.1

While the endoderm forms the epithelial lining of these structures, it is important to note that the surrounding connective tissue and muscular layers of these organs are typically derived from the mesoderm.2