Which atoms form the strongest hydrogen bonds with hydrogen?

The strongest hydrogen bonds are formed with the small, highly electronegative atoms of fluorine (F), oxygen, and nitrogen.12

These atoms are effective at forming hydrogen bonds because they possess a high affinity for electrons, which causes the hydrogen atom to acquire a partial positive charge. This charge allows the hydrogen atom to engage in an electrostatic attraction with an unshared electron pair on another electronegative atom. While these interactions are weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, they are significantly stronger than van der Waals forces.23

Notable examples of these interactions include the bifluoride ion (HF${}_2^{-}$), where hydrogen links two fluorine atoms, and the extensive hydrogen bonding found in water and ice, which significantly influences their physical properties.1