What sulfur molecules form rings and chains of sulfur atoms?

Sulfur is unique among the oxygen group elements for its extensive ability to exhibit catenation, the bonding of atoms to identical atoms, which allows it to form various ring and chain structures.12

Ring Structures

Sulfur atoms form several cyclic allotropes. The most common are eight-membered rings ($S_8$), which exist in multiple crystalline forms, including orthorhombic ($\alpha$-sulfur) and monoclinic ($\beta$-sulfur) structures. Other reported ring molecules include $S_6$, which forms rhombohedral crystals, as well as $S_{10}$ and $S_{12}$ rings.3

Chain Structures

Sulfur also forms long, zigzag chain structures. When liquid sulfur is heated above approximately 157 °C, the eight-membered rings rupture and join together to form reactive units that link into long chains containing thousands of atoms, significantly increasing the liquid's viscosity. Additionally, sulfur forms chain-like compounds known as polysulfanes ($H_2{S}_x$) and metal polysulfides ($M_2{S}_x$), where sulfur atoms are bonded in sequences of two or more.234