What major changes characterize the fetal period of development?

The fetal period, which begins approximately eight weeks after conception, is primarily characterized by the rapid growth of the body and the maturation of tissues and organ systems. By the end of the eighth week, the basic internal organs are well established, and subsequent development focuses on refining these structures and modifying body proportions.123

Key physiological and anatomical changes during this stage include:

• Growth and Maturation: The fetus undergoes significant increases in size and weight, with internal organs undergoing tissue specialization.13
• Physical Features: The face acquires a human appearance, with eyes moving to a forward-facing position. Over time, features such as eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, and nails develop.3
• Skin and Hair: The body becomes covered in downy hair (lanugo), and the skin, initially transparent and wrinkled, becomes less transparent and eventually smooths out as fat is deposited beneath it.3
• Movement: Neuromuscular development allows for fetal movements, known as quickening, which are typically felt by the mother by the fifth month.3
• System Development: Sex organs become recognizable, and ossification centers appear in the bones. By full term, the body is plump, and organ systems are prepared for life outside the womb.3