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What is multiple trace theory of hippocampal memory?

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Patient H.M. and short-term memory loss explained — hippocampus Learn about Henry Molaison (better known as “patient H.M.”), whose short-term memory loss following a lobotomy helped researchers to understand how brain structures are related to brain function.

The multiple trace theory is a prominent scientific framework regarding how the hippocampus functions in long-term memory. It serves as a major alternative to the standard model of systems consolidation, which posits that memories eventually become independent of the hippocampus as they are transferred to the cortex for storage.1

In contrast, the multiple trace theory suggests that the hippocampus remains permanently involved in the retrieval of episodic, context-rich memories, regardless of how much time has passed since the event occurred. According to this theory, the hippocampus is not required for the recall of semantic or gist-based memories, which may eventually rely solely on cortical structures.1

By emphasizing the ongoing necessity of the hippocampus for vivid, detailed recollection, this theory highlights the brain's complex approach to maintaining different types of information over time.1