What is a cool flame in hydrocarbon combustion?

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In the context of hydrocarbon combustion, a cool flame is a phenomenon associated with slow combustion occurring at temperatures below 500 °C.1

These flames are observed under specific pressure conditions and represent a distinct stage in the combustion process of higher hydrocarbons. During this stage, the chemical reaction yields products that are readily oxidizable, which then precedes the subsequent stage of a hot flame. This two-stage ignition process is a characteristic feature of higher hydrocarbon combustion, contrasting with the higher-temperature combustion that produces hot flames.1