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What do Maxwell’s four equations describe?

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Maxwell’s equations are a set of four fundamental physical laws that provide a complete description of the production and interrelation of electric and magnetic fields. Together, they form the foundation of unified electromagnetic theory.12

These equations describe the following physical phenomena:

Gauss’s Law for Electricity: States that electric fields diverge from electric charges, implying that isolated charges exist.12
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: States that there are no isolated magnetic poles (monopoles); the magnetic flux across any closed surface is zero.12
Faraday’s Law of Induction: Describes how changing magnetic fields produce electric fields.13
Ampère-Maxwell Law: Describes how circulating magnetic fields are produced by electric currents and by changing electric fields.14

In their differential form, these equations utilize vector analysis operators to relate field quantities, charge density, and current density, serving as the mathematical framework for understanding classical electromagnetism.1