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What did Michael Faraday discover about changing magnetic fields and electric currents?

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In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, proving that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit.12

Faraday demonstrated this through several experimental observations:
* Changing magnetic flux: He observed that when the magnetic field of an electromagnet grew or collapsed by opening or closing a circuit, a current was detected in a nearby conductor.1
* Motion: Moving a permanent magnet into or out of a coil of wire, or moving a conductor near a stationary magnet, induced a current as long as the motion continued.1

Faraday visualized these effects as changes in "lines of induction" or magnetic flux. This work provided the experimental foundation for Faraday’s law of induction, which states that the magnitude of the induced electromotive force is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux over time. His discoveries were essential to the development of electromagnetic field theory and the invention of the electric motor and dynamo.13