What are the 11 criteria used to identify systemic lupus erythematosus?

To identify systemic lupus erythematosus, clinicians typically look for at least 4 of the following 11 criteria:1

1. Malar rash: A rash over the cheeks.
2. Discoid rash: Red, raised patches on the skin.
3. Photosensitivity: Unusual skin reactions following exposure to sunlight.
4. Oral ulcers: Sores occurring in the mouth.
5. Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints that does not cause deformity.
6. Serositis: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs or heart.
7. Renal disorder: Kidney involvement.
8. Neurologic disorder: Issues such as psychosis or convulsions.
9. Hematologic disorder: Blood-related abnormalities, such as anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
10. Immunologic disorder: Presence of specific autoantibodies or other immune abnormalities.
11. Antinuclear antibodies: The presence of antibodies that bind to the nucleic acid and protein constituents of cell nuclei.1

Because symptoms can be fleeting or similar to other conditions, these criteria serve as a framework for diagnosis. Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation and preventing organ damage through medications such as glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants.1