What are common causes of male infertility?

Common causes of male infertility often relate to deficiencies in sperm production, quality, or delivery. These factors are responsible for approximately one-third of all infertility cases in couples.1

Key causes include:

• Sperm Production and Maturation: Deficiencies in the maturation or production of sperm are primary factors. This includes conditions such as oligospermia (low sperm count) or azoospermia (the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate).12
• Obstructions: Blockages in the sperm-delivery system or genital tract can prevent the successful transport of sperm.312
• Anatomic and Physical Factors: The presence of a varicocele—an enlargement of the veins within the spermatic cord—is a common cause. Other factors include testicular injury, anatomic abnormalities, and being born with a low birth weight.31
• Inflammation and Disease: Orchitis, an acute inflammation of the testes often caused by mumps, can lead to testicular destruction.1
• Hormonal Imbalances: Abnormally low thyroid or high adrenal secretion can interfere with reproductive function.1
• Immunological Factors: The formation of antibodies against sperm by either the male or female can prevent fertilization.31

The most critical step in evaluating these issues is a thorough examination of the semen.12