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How is zinc used in dry-cell batteries?

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A labeled diagram of the periodic table entry for zinc, showing its atomic number 30, symbol Zn, atomic weight 65.38, electron configuration, name, hexagonal crystal structure, solid state at room temperature, and classification as a transition metal.
zinc

In dry-cell batteries, zinc serves as the anode, the negative electrode of the system. Its specific application depends on the type of battery:12

  • Zinc-Carbon and Zinc Chloride Batteries: In these traditional cells, the anode is typically a cylindrical "can" stamped from a zinc alloy sheet. This zinc container acts as both the structural housing and the negative terminal of the battery.132
  • Alkaline Batteries: Modern alkaline batteries utilize a different construction. Instead of a zinc can, they feature a steel housing and use a paste of powdered zinc alloy as the anode. This design allows for higher energy capacity and performance compared to traditional zinc-carbon systems.14

In both configurations, the zinc undergoes oxidation, providing the necessary electron flow to power devices such as flashlights, radios, and toys. While early batteries often included mercury or cadmium in the zinc alloy to improve performance, modern manufacturing has largely eliminated these toxic additives to reduce environmental impact.12