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How is laparoscopy used to diagnose endometriosis?

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Diagram showing the female reproductive system with labeled ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, alongside hormone pathways and the process from ovulation to fertilization and early embryo development. — infertility Major structures and hormones involved in the initiation of pregnancy. Also seen, at right, is the development of an egg cell (ovum) from follicle to embryo.

Laparoscopy is the primary surgical procedure used to diagnose and assess endometriosis, a condition that can contribute to infertility.31

During this outpatient procedure, which is performed under general anesthesia, a physician makes a small incision—typically 5 to 10 mm—near the navel. The abdominal cavity is then distended with carbon dioxide gas to create space for the surgeon to maneuver. A narrow, lighted tube equipped with a camera is inserted, allowing the physician to visually examine the pelvic organs and reproductive anatomy for endometrial adhesions or abnormal tissue growths.123

If endometriosis is confirmed, the physician may perform surgical intervention during the same procedure by inserting specialized instruments through additional small incisions. The goal of this surgery is to excise or destroy the endometrial growths while preserving surrounding healthy tissue. Because it is a surgical procedure requiring anesthesia, laparoscopy is generally reserved for patients with clear symptoms of the disorder.13