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How does water fluoridation reduce cavities in children and adults?

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A labeled diagram of the periodic table entry for fluorine, showing its atomic number 9, symbol F, atomic weight 18.998, electron configuration, and indicating it is a halogen and a gas at room temperature. — fluorine Properties of fluorine.

Water fluoridation reduces cavities by leveraging the chemical properties of fluoride to strengthen teeth and inhibit the processes that cause decay.12

At the tooth surface, fluoride facilitates the attachment of calcium and phosphate ions, which promotes the formation of fluorapatite crystals. This process helps to remineralize enamel, the protective outer layer of the tooth.23

Additionally, fluoride present in saliva works to protect teeth by:
* Blocking bacterial activity: It inhibits specific enzymes used by bacteria that contribute to tooth decay.2
* Reducing acid production: By disrupting these bacterial processes, fluoride decreases the amount of acid produced in the mouth, which further supports the remineralization of enamel.2

Research indicates that community water fluoridation leads to a 25 percent reduction in dental caries in both children and adults. While this practice is widely supported by major health organizations as a significant public health achievement, it remains a subject of debate due to concerns regarding potential overexposure and ethical questions about personal freedom.234