How does the skeleton protect the brain and spinal cord?

The axial skeleton provides essential protection for the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord.1

The brain is securely enclosed within the boxlike cranium, a structure formed by several large bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. This bony housing acts as a protective shell for the brain and associated structures like the pituitary gland.234

The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column, which features a series of bony neural arches that encircle the cord. These arches form the spinal canal, a continuous space that shields the spinal cord from external injury. This protection is further supported by ligaments and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid and meninges, which provide additional cushioning and coverage for the nervous system.152