How does the TERC gene influence telomere length?

The TERC gene, which stands for telomerase RNA component, plays a vital role in maintaining telomere length by encoding the RNA segment of the telomerase enzyme.21

Telomerase functions by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes, effectively acting as a protective cap that prevents the progressive shortening of DNA that occurs during cell division. Because TERC provides the essential RNA template for this enzyme, it is fundamental to the enzyme's ability to extend telomeres and preserve cellular longevity.21

When variations or mutations occur in the TERC gene, the resulting telomerase enzyme may be impaired or less stable, leading to reduced telomere length. In humans, these genetic variations are associated with an accelerated rate of biological aging, where carriers may appear biologically older than their chronological age. Furthermore, such deficiencies can increase susceptibility to age-related diseases and, in some cases, have been linked to an increased likelihood of tumor development due to chromosomal instability.21