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How does regular physical activity help lower blood glucose levels?

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An anatomical illustration of the human pancreas shows its location near the stomach and intestines, a detailed cross-section highlighting ducts and the islet of Langerhans, and an inset of pancreatic tissue histology with labeled alpha, beta, and delta cells. — diabetes mellitus The islets of Langerhans are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas. Each islet contains beta, alpha, delta, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells that are responsible for the secretion of pancreatic hormones. Beta cells secrete insulin, a well-characterized hormone that plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism.

Regular physical activity is a fundamental component in managing diabetes mellitus because it helps lower blood glucose levels through two primary mechanisms:

Enhanced Glucose Uptake: Exercise promotes the movement of glucose into muscle cells, where it is utilized as fuel. By facilitating this uptake, physical activity effectively removes excess glucose from the bloodstream.12
Improved Insulin Sensitivity: Regular exercise improves the insulin sensitivity of cells. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, whose cells may not respond effectively to insulin, this increased sensitivity allows blood sugar to be more readily taken in and used by the body.13

By enhancing these processes, physical activity helps blunt the rise in blood glucose that typically follows the ingestion of carbohydrates. When combined with a balanced diet and weight management, exercise serves as a key measure in controlling blood glucose levels and reducing the risk of long-term complications associated with the disorder.12