How does phosphorus move from rocks into plants and animals?

Phosphorus moves from rocks into plants and animals through a process primarily driven by weathering and biological activity.

• Release from Rock: Most phosphorus is trapped in bedrock and sedimentary deposits. Through natural weathering, leaching, and mining, this phosphorus is released into the environment.12
• Conversion to Soluble Form: Because phosphorus is highly reactive, it exists in combined forms. Soil microorganisms produce acids that break down insoluble phosphorus compounds into soluble phosphate (PO${}_4^{3-}$), which is the only inorganic form plants can readily utilize.12
• Uptake by Plants: Terrestrial green plants and algae absorb these soluble phosphates from the soil or water.12
• Transfer to Animals: Once incorporated into plant tissues, phosphorus enters the food chain when animals consume the plants. It then becomes a vital component of animal bodies, serving as a key constituent of bones, teeth, DNA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).132

Upon the death and decay of these organisms, phosphates are released back into the soil or water, where they are recycled or eventually deposited into sediments.12