Britannica Sources used in this answer

How does mercury poisoning occur through vapour inhalation or skin absorption?

Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.

A periodic table element box for mercury shows its symbol Hg, atomic number 80, atomic weight 200.592, electron configuration, and name. Icons indicate mercury is a transition metal, liquid at room temperature, has a rhombohedral crystal structure, and is weakly basic. — mercury Properties of mercury.

Mercury poisoning through vapour inhalation or skin absorption is a serious health risk, often associated with occupational exposure in industries such as chemical manufacturing, felt production, and the handling of various mercury-containing products.12

Mechanisms of Exposure

Inhalation: Exposure to mercury vapours, fumes, or dusts—often generated in industrial settings—allows the substance to enter the body through the respiratory system. Once inhaled, mercury can cause systemic toxic effects.12
Skin Absorption: Absorption can occur through direct contact with various mercury salts, such as mercuric nitrate, which was historically used in the hat-making industry.12

Effects of Exposure

Inhalation or skin absorption of mercury vapour can lead to chronic poisoning, characterized by symptoms such as:
* Excessive salivation and inflammation of the mouth membranes.12
* Loosening of the teeth and the formation of a blue line on the gums.12
* Neurological symptoms, including tremors, numbness, and pain in the extremities.12
* Mental and personality changes, such as irritability, depression, anxiety, and memory loss—a condition historically known as erethism or being "mad as a hatter".12

Because mercury is highly toxic, stringent safety precautions are essential to prevent absorption through these pathways.2