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How does lymphoma affect lymphocytes and lymph nodes?

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Illustration of a blood vessel with a cutaway view showing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, each labeled to highlight the main components of blood. — white blood cell Blood is made up of multiple components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and water-rich plasma.

Lymphoma is a group of malignant diseases that primarily affect the lymphatic system, typically originating in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissues.1

Impact on Lymphocytes

Lymphoma is essentially a cancer of lymphocytes—the white blood cells responsible for defending the body against infection. In these diseases, malignant proliferation of these cells occurs. Because lymphocytes are a core component of the immune system, individuals with compromised immune function are at a higher risk of developing these tumors. Some forms of lymphoma can also invade the bloodstream, potentially leading to leukemia.231

Impact on Lymph Nodes

The disease is characterized by the malignant growth of lymph cells within the nodes, which leads to their gross enlargement. While lymph nodes normally swell in response to infections or foreign particles due to healthy lymphocyte proliferation, the uncontrolled, malignant proliferation in lymphoma causes significant and often persistent node enlargement. Depending on the type and aggressiveness of the lymphoma, the disease can spread from the nodes to other organs, including the spleen, liver, lungs, and brain.21