How does kinetic energy differ from potential energy?

In the principles of physical science, the primary difference between kinetic and potential energy lies in their relationship to motion and configuration.

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy an object or particle possesses due to its motion. It is a property of a moving body and depends on both its mass and its velocity. For example, the translational kinetic energy of an object is calculated as $\frac{1}{2}m{v}^2$.12

Potential Energy

Potential energy is stored energy that depends on the relative position or configuration of parts within a system. Unlike kinetic energy, which is a property of an individual moving body, potential energy is a property of a system—such as the gravitational attraction between Earth and an object raised above the ground. Other forms include electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy, all of which arise from the configuration of particles or components.34

Relationship and Conversion

These two forms are interconvertible. According to the principle of the conservation of energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed but changes form. As an object moves, potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy and vice versa, with the total energy of the system remaining constant in the absence of dissipative forces like friction.54