How does growth hormone affect growth and body tissues?

Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is a peptide secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that plays a vital role in regulating physical growth and metabolism.12

Mechanisms of Action

Growth hormone stimulates the growth of essentially all body tissues, including bone. While it can act directly on tissues, much of its effect is mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to synthesize and release IGF-1, which promotes both hypertrophy (increased cell size) and hyperplasia (increased cell number).23

Biochemical Effects

• Protein Synthesis: It increases the rate of protein synthesis, providing the material necessary for tissue growth.42
• Metabolism: It promotes the breakdown of fats to supply energy for growth and influences carbohydrate metabolism.42
• Insulin Antagonism: Growth hormone opposes the action of insulin, which can lead to increased blood glucose levels.42
• Ion Regulation: It affects the metabolism of ions, including sodium, potassium, and calcium.4