How does frost heaving increase erosion on mountain slopes?

Frost heaving contributes to erosion on mountain slopes primarily through a process known as frost-induced surface creep.12

When interstitial water within the soil freezes, it expands and forces surface particles upward and outward, perpendicular to the slope. When the ice subsequently melts, these particles are no longer supported and are pulled directly downward by gravity. This cycle of expansion and contraction results in the gradual, persistent movement of soil and debris downslope.1

Additionally, the pressure of water crystallizing in rock cracks—a related aspect of frost action—can shatter exposed bedrock into angular fragments. This process reduces rock outcrops to rubble, which is then more easily transported downslope by surface creep, flowing water, or gravity. By weakening the soil and breaking down rock, frost action also makes mountain slopes more susceptible to other forms of mass wasting, such as solifluction, where water-saturated soil flows downslope.23