How does brain death differ from cardiac death in organ donation?

In the context of transplant surgery, deceased organ donors are classified based on the nature of their death, which determines the medical and ethical protocols for recovery.1

• Brain Death: This is defined as the total and irreversible cessation of all brain function. It is a state of irreversible destruction of the brain, often confirmed by the absence of brainstem reflexes and spontaneous respiration. Because the body can be maintained on artificial life support, organs can be recovered while blood circulation is still being mechanically sustained.12
• Cardiac Death: This occurs after the irreversible cessation of cardiac function. Unlike brain death, where the brain is destroyed but the heart may still be beating with support, cardiac death involves the permanent loss of the heartbeat and blood circulation.1

Both classifications are critical for ensuring the viability of organs, as tissues begin to deteriorate rapidly once deprived of a blood supply. Regardless of the type of death, organ donation remains a profoundly generous act that provides life-saving opportunities for recipients.31