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How does boron create p-type silicon?

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A periodic table element square for silicon shows atomic number 14, symbol Si, atomic weight range, electron configuration, and name. Icons indicate it is a solid nonmetal with diamond crystal structure and equal relative strength. Labels explain each property. — silicon Chemical properties of the element silicon.

Boron creates p-type silicon through a process called doping, which involves substituting a small number of silicon atoms within a crystal lattice with boron atoms.12

Silicon atoms typically have four outer electrons, which they share with four neighboring atoms to form stable covalent bonds. Boron, however, is a trivalent atom with only three outer electrons. When a boron atom replaces a silicon atom in the lattice, it lacks the necessary electron to complete the fourth covalent bond.123

This deficiency creates a "hole"—a vacancy in the bonding structure where an electron would normally be located. Because this missing electron is equivalent to an added positive charge, the hole can move through the crystal lattice, allowing the material to conduct positive charges. Consequently, boron acts as an acceptor atom, and the resulting material is classified as a p-type semiconductor.1342