How does airborne transmission differ from droplet transmission?

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In the context of infectious diseases, airborne and droplet transmissions are distinct mechanisms primarily differentiated by the size of the particles involved and how they reach a new host.1

Airborne Transmission

This mode involves small, aerosolized particles that contain an infectious agent. These particles are released into the air through activities such as breathing, speaking, coughing, or sneezing. Because they are small and lightweight, they can remain suspended in the air for extended periods and are subsequently inhaled by another individual.1

Droplet Transmission

In contrast, droplet transmission involves large, heavy particles. These are expelled primarily through coughing or sneezing. Due to their size and weight, these droplets do not remain suspended in the air for long; instead, they travel short distances and land directly on the eyes, nose, or mouth of another person, where they can cause infection.1

While some pathogens, such as those causing COVID-19 or influenza, can be spread through both mechanisms, the physical behavior of the particles determines the specific route of exposure.1