How does a diamond-anvil cell create high pressure?

A diamond-anvil cell creates high pressure by applying a force to a sample using two gem-quality diamonds.1

The mechanism functions by compressing the sample between the flat faces of the two diamonds. To enhance this process, a thin metal foil gasket is often placed between the diamond-anvil faces. This gasket creates a confined sample chamber, allowing for the study of liquids and other fluid samples that can be hydrostatically pressurized.1

Because diamonds are exceptionally strong and transparent to various forms of electromagnetic radiation, this device allows researchers to observe the effects of pressure visually and conduct experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction while the sample remains under extreme conditions. By utilizing resistance heaters or lasers, scientists can further extend these conditions to simulate environments found deep within the Earth.1