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How does Addison disease affect the adrenal cortex?

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immune system disorder False-color scanning electron micrograph of a T cell infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the agent that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

Addison disease is a rare immune system disorder characterized by the progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands.1

In many cases, this destruction is caused by an autoimmune reaction, where the immune system inappropriately attacks the adrenal tissue. The condition typically manifests only after at least 90 percent of the adrenal cortex has been destroyed. This damage disrupts the gland's ability to synthesize and secrete essential steroid hormones, specifically cortisol and aldosterone.12

Because these hormones are vital for regulating metabolism, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance, their deficiency leads to severe symptoms such as weakness, weight loss, and hypotension. If left untreated, the resulting adrenal insufficiency can progress to a life-threatening adrenal crisis.1