How do wind, dust, and sunlight contribute to pinguecula and pterygium?

Environmental factors such as wind, dust, and sunlight are significant contributors to degenerative changes in the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball.12

Pinguecula

A pinguecula is a common yellow-white nodule that forms on the conjunctiva, typically near the cornea. Exposure to wind and dust is a primary cause of these degenerative changes, which are frequently observed in older individuals. Additionally, research suggests that these growths represent degeneration resulting from exposure to ultraviolet light.13

Pterygium

A pterygium is a more serious, fleshy, wing-shaped growth that can invade the surface of the cornea and potentially interfere with vision. These growths are particularly prevalent in people living in bright, sunny climates. The development of a pterygium is attributed to chronic exposure to bright sunlight, wind, and dust, as well as chronic dryness of the eye. While a pterygium is often preceded or accompanied by a pinguecula, it is distinguished by its tendency to progress across the corneal surface.12