How do staghorn ferns attach themselves to trees in nature?

Staghorn ferns (genus Platycerium) are epiphytes, meaning they grow upon other plants for physical support rather than for nutrients.12

In nature, they attach themselves to trees using specialized leaves known as mantle leaves. These leaves are flat or bowl-shaped and grow closely appressed—or pressed tightly—against the surface of the supporting tree. This structure not only secures the plant to its host but also creates a bowl-like environment that collects humus, organic debris, and moisture. The fern's roots then develop within this collected material to absorb the necessary water and nutrients.1

Because they are not parasitic, they do not derive sustenance from the tree itself, but rather utilize the tree as a platform to reach sunlight in the forest canopy.2