How do somatic mutations differ from germline mutations?

In human genetics, the primary difference between somatic and germline mutations lies in the type of cell affected and whether the alteration can be passed to future generations.

• Somatic mutations occur in body cells (somatic cells) and are acquired during an individual's lifetime, often due to environmental factors like ultraviolet radiation or chemicals. These mutations are passed only to the progeny of the mutated cell through cell division and cannot be inherited by an individual's offspring. While they do not affect future generations, they can lead to diseases such as cancer.123

• Germline mutations (or germinal mutations) occur in reproductive cells—sperm and eggs—during the divisions that produce gametes. Because these mutations are present in the reproductive cells, they are transmitted to offspring and subsequent generations. These mutations are significant sources of genetic variation and are responsible for inherited genetic disorders.132