How do plant-parasitic nematodes spread between gardens and fields?

Plant-parasitic nematodes move very slowly through the soil on their own, typically traveling no more than 75 cm (about 29.5 inches) per year. Because of this limited natural mobility, their spread between gardens and fields is primarily facilitated by human activity and environmental factors that transport infested materials.1

Nematodes are easily disseminated through the movement of:

• Infested soil and planting stock: This includes soil balled around the roots of nursery stock, as well as bulbs, tubers, and seedling plants.12
• Contaminated objects: Tools, machinery, bags, and other containers used in gardening or farming can carry nematodes from one site to another.13
• Environmental and biological carriers: Running water, wind, clothing, shoes, birds, and other animals can inadvertently transport nematodes to new locations.1

To mitigate these risks, it is essential to use certified, nematode-free nursery stock and to ensure that tools and equipment are properly disinfected. Furthermore, state and federal quarantines are often in place to prohibit the movement of infested soil and plant parts to prevent the further spread of these pathogens.43