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How do physical anthropologists study variation within and between human populations?
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population
Graph of the world's estimated human population from 1700 until 2000, with population projections extending until 2100.
Physical anthropologists study variation within and between human populations by examining the evolutionary processes and biological factors that shape human diversity. Rather than relying on outdated concepts of biological race, which are scientifically invalid, researchers focus on objective methods to analyze the composition of populations.12
Key approaches include:
- Genetic Analysis: Researchers study inherited traits and gene frequencies to model population movements and history. This involves analyzing DNA sequences and other molecular traits to understand how populations have differentiated over time.1
- Anthropometry: This involves the systematic measurement of the human body. By using standardized techniques and instruments like digital calipers, anthropologists collect data on bodily dimensions to assess growth, development, and physical variation.13
- Evolutionary Processes: Scientists investigate the roles of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, migration, and genetic recombination in driving human differentiation.12
- Bioarchaeology and Paleoanthropology: By studying fossil remains and skeletons, researchers test hypotheses about past population health, mortality, and social structures.1
- Human Ecology: This field examines how environmental factors, nutrition, and epidemiology influence population stability and physiological adaptation.1