How do neurons and neural networks change in response to new information?

Neuroplasticity is the fundamental capacity of the brain's neurons and neural networks to reorganize their connections and behavior in response to new information, sensory stimulation, development, or injury.1

The primary mechanisms driving these changes involve adjustments in the strength or number of synapses between neurons. When the brain processes new information or experiences, specific neural pathways are reinforced, while others may weaken or be eliminated through a process known as synaptic pruning.12

Key ways these networks change include:

• Synaptic Strengthening: Repeated stimulation can lead to a long-lasting increase in the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell, a process known as long-term potentiation, which is essential for learning and memory.13
• Synaptic Pruning: Unused or redundant connections are eliminated, leaving behind more efficient neural pathways.21
• Structural Reorganization: In response to damage or sensory deficits, the brain can undergo cross-modal plasticity, where unaffected regions take over functions previously handled by damaged areas.4
• Neurogenesis: In some cases, particularly during recovery from injury, the brain may generate new neurons.1