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How do neural stem cells contribute to the formation of new neurons in the hippocampus?

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Diagram showing the locations of neural stem cells in brain regions such as the hippocampus and ventricles, and hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and blood, with labeled illustrations of the brain, spinal cord, circulatory system, and skeleton. — stem cell Stem cells of neural and hematopoietic origin have tremendous potential in the development of therapies for certain diseases, such as diabetes and Parkinson disease. Neural stem cells occur in the spinal cord and in specific regions of the brain, and hematopoietic stem cells occur in the blood and bone marrow.

In the adult brain, the dentate gyrus—a subregion of the hippocampus—serves as one of the few areas capable of adult neurogenesis, the process of forming new neurons.21

Neural stem cells (NSCs) located within the dentate gyrus contribute to this process by acting as undifferentiated precursor cells. These cells possess the capacity to proliferate and differentiate into new neurons, as well as glial cells, throughout adulthood. This regenerative capability is a fundamental aspect of neuroplasticity, allowing the brain to adapt and reorganize its networks.213

While the exact mechanisms governing how these new cells integrate into existing hippocampal circuits remain a subject of ongoing scientific study, the presence of these stem cells is considered vital for hippocampal function, particularly in relation to learning and memory. Factors such as stress and depression have been associated with a decline in the ability of the dentate gyrus to generate these new cells, highlighting the importance of this process for overall brain health.213