How do insulin and glucagon keep blood glucose levels balanced?

Insulin and glucagon are pancreatic hormones that work in opposition to maintain blood glucose homeostasis through a precise feedback system.123

Insulin: Lowering Blood Glucose

Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels rise, such as after a meal. It lowers blood glucose by:23
* Promoting Uptake: Stimulating muscle and adipose cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream.23
* Encouraging Storage: Promoting the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscles.23
* Inhibiting Production: Suppressing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver, thereby preventing the release of stored glucose into the blood.23

Glucagon: Raising Blood Glucose

Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, glucagon is released when blood glucose levels fall, such as during fasting or exercise. It raises blood glucose by:14
* Stimulating Glycogenolysis: Triggering the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose.14
* Promoting Gluconeogenesis: Stimulating the production of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.1

Through this reciprocal relationship, the body ensures that blood glucose remains within a narrow, healthy range.12