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How do hot Jupiters differ from Jupiter in the solar system?
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Extrasolar planet
Artist's conception of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b, some 150 light-years from Earth.
"Hot Jupiters" are a class of extrasolar planets that differ significantly from Jupiter in our solar system primarily due to their orbital proximity to their parent stars.1
While Jupiter orbits far from the Sun, hot Jupiters orbit extremely close to their starsāoften closer than Mercury orbits the Sun. This proximity leads to distinct physical differences:1
- Temperature and Inflation: Because they are so close to their stars, hot Jupiters are subjected to intense heat. This stellar radiation can cause the planet's atmosphere to inflate, resulting in a larger radius compared to Jupiter, even if the planet has less total mass.1
- Formation and Migration: The existence of hot Jupiters challenged traditional models of planetary formation based on our solar system, where gas giants form in the cold outer regions. Astronomers believe hot Jupiters likely formed far from their stars before migrating inward to their current, scorching orbits.1
In contrast, Jupiter remains a cold, massive gas giant located in the outer solar system, characterized by its immense magnetic field and complex system of moons.23