How do electrons travel through an external wire in an electrochemical cell?

In an electrochemical cell, electrons travel through an external wire as part of a closed circuit that allows for the spatial separation of oxidation and reduction processes.12

When a chemical reaction generates energy, it can be divided into two half-reactions occurring at separate electrodes. At one electrode, the oxidation process releases electrons into the metal conductor. Because the system must form a closed loop to function, these electrons flow through the external wire to the second electrode. At this second interface, the electrons are consumed by a reduction process.12

This flow of electrons is driven by the electrical potential difference created by the chemical reaction. While electrons move through the external metallic conductor, the circuit is completed within the cell by the migration of ions through the electrolyte, which transports the electric charge to maintain the balance of the system.13