How do electrochemical reactions convert chemical energy into electrical energy?

Electrochemical reactions convert chemical energy into electrical energy by separating a spontaneous chemical reaction into two distinct half-reactions—oxidation and reduction—that occur at separate electrodes.12

In an electrochemical cell, these electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte, which allows for the transport of electric charge via the migration of ions. When the chemical reactants have a natural tendency to react, the spatial separation of the oxidation and reduction processes forces the electrons released during oxidation to travel through an external circuit to reach the site of reduction.132

This flow of electrons through the external circuit constitutes an electric current. The chemical potential energy of the reactants is thus converted into electrical energy, creating a voltage or electrical potential that can perform work. This principle is the foundation for devices such as batteries and fuel cells, where the controlled release of energy from chemical combinations generates electricity.145