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How do corticosteroids help treat autoimmune disease symptoms?

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immune system disorder False-color scanning electron micrograph of a T cell infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the agent that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

Corticosteroids, which include cortisol and synthetic derivatives like prednisone and dexamethasone, help manage autoimmune disease symptoms primarily through their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.12

These medications function by:

Reducing Inflammation: They act as powerful anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the production and action of inflammatory cytokines, which helps alleviate symptoms like pain and swelling associated with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.12
Suppressing Immune Activity: In higher doses, they impair the function of the immune system. This reduces cell-mediated immune reactions and lowers the production and action of antibodies, effectively curbing the immune system's tendency to attack the body's own healthy cells.12

While these effects are highly beneficial for ameliorating autoimmune symptoms, they are often balanced against the risk of serious side effects, particularly with long-term use, as they can increase susceptibility to infections and cause other systemic health issues.12