How do chemicals from backswimmer bugs help Daphnia avoid predators?

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A fluffy gray cat clings to the trunk of a tree, looking upward as it climbs to escape. — Avoidance behaviour Cat fleeing by upward climbing.

In the context of avoidance behaviour, chemicals released by the predatory backswimmer bug (Notonecta) serve as a vital warning signal for the water flea genus Daphnia.1

These chemicals act as a predation cue by altering the Daphnia's natural response to light. By changing how they react to light in the presence of these chemical signals, the Daphnia are alerted to the proximity of the backswimmer, allowing them to adjust their behavior and successfully escape predation.1