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How do archaeological surveys locate ancient settlements and human-made features?

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Svante Paabo stands smiling with one hand on a Neanderthal skeleton model in front of a blue Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology banner. — Anthropology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology director Svante Pӓӓbo posing with a model of a Neanderthal skeleton.

Archaeological surveys employ a variety of techniques to locate ancient settlements and human-made features, beginning with non-invasive reconnaissance before any excavation occurs.12

Surface and Aerial Reconnaissance

Archaeologists often conduct deliberate reconnaissance by walking or motoring over the countryside to identify unknown sites. This is frequently supplemented by:1
* Aerial Photography: Used to identify surface sites or features invisible from the ground, such as variations in soil color or crop density.1
* Remote Sensing: Satellite imagery and aerial data allow for the mapping of large areas, helping to identify human-made features like roads and irrigation systems.23

Subsurface Detection

When features are buried, archaeologists use geophysical prospecting to detect them without digging:1
* Geophysical Methods: Techniques such as magnetic prospecting detect disturbances caused by buried structures, while electrical methods measure soil conductivity.1
* Ground-Penetrating Radar: This technology uses radar waves to probe the subsurface, allowing for the detection of buried walls, tunnels, or other features.24
* Probing: Simple physical methods, such as tapping the ground or using deep probes, can also help locate substructures.1

Following these surveys, ground reconnaissance is used to map sites and collect surface artifacts to determine their chronological and social context.2