How did the assembly of Pangea change Earth’s climate during the Permian Period?

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Permian paleogeography — Permian Period Distribution of landmasses, mountainous regions, shallow seas, and deep ocean basins near the end of the Permian Period. Included in the paleogeographic reconstruction are the locations of the interval's subduction zones.

The assembly of the supercontinent Pangea significantly altered Earth’s climate by driving global warming and fostering the development of dry to arid conditions.1

As landmasses collided, the closure of low-latitude seaways deflected warm surface ocean currents toward higher latitudes. Simultaneously, the formation of massive mountain ranges disrupted atmospheric circulation, diverting warm marine air into higher latitudes and creating localized climate variations.1

While glaciation persisted from the Carboniferous Period into the early Permian, the climate generally shifted toward warmer and moister conditions by the Middle Permian. By the Late Permian, the climate became hot and increasingly dry, leading to the widespread expansion of deserts across tropical and subtropical regions.1