How did the Shennong bencaojing classify medicines?

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Moxibustion — traditional Chinese medicine In moxibustion, or moxa treatment, small cones of an herb (typically *Artemisia moxa*) are burned on top of needles placed in designated points of the body, generally the same points as those used in acupuncture.

The Shennong bencaojing (The Divine Farmer’s Classic of Materia Medica) classifies medicines into three distinct categories based on their properties and effects:1

Superior: These substances are nonpoisonous and possess rejuvenating qualities.1
Medium: These medicines have some level of toxicity depending on the dosage and are used for their tonic effects.1
Inferior: These are poisonous substances, yet they are valued for their ability to quickly reduce fever and treat indigestion.1

While traditionally attributed to the legendary emperor Shennong, most authorities now believe the text was written around the time of Christ. It remains a foundational work in the history of Chinese medicine.12