How did the Scientific Revolution lead to Newton’s laws of motion?

The Scientific Revolution provided the essential framework for Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion by necessitating a new physics to support the Copernican system. When Copernicus placed the Sun at the center of the cosmos, it rendered the traditional Aristotelian doctrine of natural motion obsolete, creating a need to explain how Earth could move without being perceptible to its inhabitants.123

Galileo Galilei addressed these challenges by developing a rudimentary principle of inertia, which suggested that objects in motion tend to remain in motion. This concept helped explain why terrestrial objects share Earth's motion. Simultaneously, the 17th-century "mechanical philosophy"—championed by René Descartes—sought to explain all natural phenomena through matter and motion, while Christiaan Huygens contributed vital laws regarding momentum and kinetic energy.12

Sir Isaac Newton synthesized these developments in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. By defining force and mass, he unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics under his three laws of motion, providing the mathematical foundation that resolved the problems posed by the Scientific Revolution.124