How did botanical gardens change during the 18th and 19th centuries?

During the 18th and 19th centuries, botanical gardens underwent a significant transformation, shifting from their origins as academic "physic gardens" focused on medicinal training toward roles centered on plant culture, scientific research, and public education.1

Key changes during this period included:

• Scientific Evolution: As the science of botany took formal shape, botanical gardens became essential hubs for research, often directed by the leading botanists of the era.1
• Expansion of Collections: Increased global trade and travel brought a flood of exotic plants to Europe, leading to a massive increase in the number of gardens; by the end of the 18th century, there were approximately 1,600 botanical gardens in Europe.12
• Economic and Horticultural Impact: Institutions like the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew became famous for collecting expeditions and the global distribution of economically significant plants, such as rubber trees, tea, and cinchona.1
• Public Engagement: The classical model of a restricted teaching garden declined, replaced by a focus on displaying ornamental plants and providing educational opportunities for the general public.1